The French Revolutionary Jerome Petion De Villeneuve C1756 1794 Art for Aale

Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
The General, affectionately known as "the Mustaches".
Built-in	4 Feb 1740  (1740-02-04) Metz
Died	28 Baronial 1793  (1793-08-29) (aged 53) Paris
Fidelity	Kingdom of French republic French Start Republic
Service/branch	French Army
Years of service	1756–1789; 1791–1793
Rank	General
Battles/wars	State of war of Austrian Succession Seven Years' War American Revolutionary War French Revolutionary Wars
Awards	Order of Cincinnati Proper noun engraved on Third Column (northward pillar), Arc de Triomphe
Other work	Estates-General, 1789; National Constituent Assembly, 1789–1790

Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine (4 February 1740 – 28 August 1793) was a French full general. As a young officer in the Bourbon Royal regular army, he served in the 7 Years' War. In the American Revolutionary State of war he joined Rochambeau's Expédition Particulière (Special Trek) supporting the American colonists. Following the successful Virginia campaign and the Battle of Yorktown, he returned to France and rejoined his unit in the Imperial Army.

When the French Revolution began he was elected to the Estates-Full general and served in the subsequent National Constituent Assembly as a representative from Metz. He supported some of the August Decrees, but too supported, generally, imperial prerogative and the rights of the French émigrés. At the dissolution of the Associates in 1791, he rejoined the army as a lieutenant general and the following year replaced Nicolas Luckner as commander-in-principal of the Army of the Vosges. In 1792, he successfully led campaigns in the middle and upper Rhine regions, taking Speyer and Mainz and breaching the Wissembourg lines. Following Charles François Dumouriez's apparent treason, the Committee of Public Safe investigated Custine, but a vigorous defense force mounted by the Revolutionary lawyer Robespierre resulted in his acquittal.

Upon render to active command, he plant the ground forces had lost nearly of its officer corps and experienced troops, and in 1793, post-obit a series of reversals in the leap, the French lost control of much of the territory they had acquired the year earlier. Ordered to accept command of the Army of the North, Custine sought first to solidify French control of the of import crossings of the Rhine by Mainz. Even so, when he failed to relieve the besieged fortress of Condé the following yr, he was recalled to Paris. After Condé, Mainz and Speyer had all been lost, he was arrested. He was prosecuted in a lengthy trial before the Committee on Public Safety's Revolutionary Tribunal by Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, and Jacques Hébert continued to attack Custine through his publication Le Père Duchesne. Custine was plant guilty of treason by a majority vote of the Tribunal on 27 August, and guillotined the post-obit twenty-four hour period.

His son was also executed a few months later, and his girl-in-police suffered for several months in prison before she was released in the summer of 1794. She managed to recover some of the family property and emigrated to Federal republic of germany, and afterwards, Switzerland, with her son, Astolphe-Louis-Léonor. The fate of the family is representative of the fates of many of the minor elite in France, especially those in the military machine and diplomatic corps, whose reputations the Montagnards tarnished in the Reign of Terror.

Contents

• one Military service
  • 1.one Activities during the French Revolution
  • 1.2 Trial earlier the Tribunal
  • i.3 Character
• 2 Family
  • 2.1 Faience investment
• iii Citations
• 4 References

Armed forces service

Custine began his career at the age of eight, in 1748, at the terminate of the State of war of Austrian Succession in Germany under Marshal Saxe, who continued his tutelage during peace time. During the Vii Years' War (1756–63), Custine served in the French army in the German states; in 1758, he was a helm of dragoons in the Schomberg regiment.^[one] While fighting the Prussians, Custine learned to admire their modern military organization, which afterwards influenced his own military fashion.^[two]

By the end of the Seven Years' War, Custine was maestre de camp. The Duc de Choiseul recognized his talent and created a regiment of dragoons for him, simply Custine exchanged this for a regiment of infantry that was heading for America, where he could go along military machine action, learn additional experience, and obtain promotion.^[three] His regiment, the Regiment de Saintonge (i,322 men and officers), embarked for the Xiii Colonies in April 1780 from Brest. At that place, he served with distinction against the British^[4] as a colonel in the expeditionary force of Count Rochambeau in the War of American Independence. The regiment participated in the Virginia entrada of 1781 and received distinguished commendations for action at the Battle of Yorktown; Custine received individual recognition of merit and a brevet from the U.s. regime.^[5] Rouchambeau's reports praised his honesty, zeal, courage and talents.^[3] Following the surrender of the British, his regiment wintered in Williamsburg, Virginia and departed for the Antilles in Dec 1782, with the rest of the expeditionary force. On his return to France, Custine was named maréchal de campsite (brigadier general) and appointed governor of Toulon.^[6] He also resumed responsibilities as the proprietor of the dragoon regiment de Rouergue. ^[5]

Activities during the French Revolution

Custine holds a council of war with his staff to programme the breach of the Wissembourg lines. By the creative person Frédéric Regamey.

In 1789, the bailliage (bailiwick) of Metz elected Custine to the Estates-General; upon his election, he resigned his military commission, judging that his responsibilities in the national assembly required his total attention.^[6] In July 1789, as the French Revolution gained momentum, he remained in the National Constituent Assembly. There, he supported the creation of a constitution espousing the principles of representative authorities and oft voted with such liberal (constitutional) nobility every bit the Marquis de Lafayette. Although he supported the abolition of some seigniorial rights, he strongly defended imperial prerogative and the rights of the nobility who fled during the Peachy Fearfulness, peculiarly their rights of holding. He offered limited support of the 19 decrees that abolished game-laws, seigniorial courts, the purchase and sale of posts in the magistracy, pecuniary immunities, favoritism in revenue enhancement, surplice money, outset-fruits, pluralities, and unmerited pensions.^[7]

With the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly in Oct 1791, Custine was appointed lieutenant full general to the Army of the Vosges, as the army of volunteers was known. Despite his strict discipline, he was popular with the soldiers, amongst whom he was known as "général moustache".^[4] The following year he was appointed commander-in-master of the army, replacing Nicolas Luckner; in the following campaign, he took Speyer, Worms, Mainz and Frankfurt in September and Oct 1792.^[4]

In the Rhineland, Custine continued the revolution by announcement, and levied heavy taxes on the nobility and clergy. During the winter a Prussian army forced him to evacuate Frankfurt, re-cantankerous the Rhine and fall dorsum upon Landau. This occurred during Charles François Dumouriez'due south treasonous collaboration with the Austrians. Summoned to Paris to business relationship for himself, Custine was defendant of treason, only was ably defended past Robespierre, the French revolutionary and lawyer, who declared Custine an honest man who gave his state skilful service. With Robespierre'south defense, he was cleared of all charges, and subsequently given command of the Regular army of the North.^[six]

Custine continued the revolution in the German language Rhineland through proclamation and the levy of heavy taxes on the conquered territories.

In early May 1793, Custine designed a plan to cut off a trunk of the Coalition force that had ventured too far from the main force at Mainz. All the same, since he was about to take command of the Army of the North, he delegated some of the responsibility for this program to Houchard (another ill-fated general destined for the guillotine), instructing him to attack Limbourg with the Ground forces of the Moselle. The garrison at Landau was to make several feints to distract the Prussian troops. Custine also created and distributed a faux study that the cavalry of the Army of the Moselle had arrived, and that they had also been reinforced by function of the arms from Strasbourg. General Féry, who commanded an forty battalions, was to throw himself on the Prussians until he heard that the principal appointment by Rheinzabern had begun. Custine left with his troops in the evening; several delays prevented him from arriving until five in the morn, just Landremont engaged the Austrian army in the meanwhile and prevented them from advancing until Custine arrived and charged the Austrian post with 2 divisions of dragoons. Unfortunately, a battalion of French mistook Custine's dragoons for the enemy, and fired upon them with keen accurateness. Any effort to rally the battalion met with additional discharges. The commander, who patently had no control over his troops, was denounced past both the representatives and his troops, and was arrested, but shot himself. Custine was disgusted with the affair: "This day, which ought to take then memorable, terminated by the taking of one piece of cannon and a very great number of prisoners."^[8] Custine was recalled to Paris on 15 July.^[9]

Trial before the Tribunal

Prior to his execution, Custine met with the Abbe Lotheringen, for his confession and his prayers. He also wrote a letter to his son.

Upon arrival in Paris, Custine displayed his usual sang froid, which seemed to exasperate his political enemies. He took private rooms in a furnished hotel, and rented a room for his secretarial assistant. He visited his son and daughter-in-law, and carried on his usual Parisian social agenda: he appeared in all the public places, at the Palais-Imperial and the theater, and was received with noisy ovations and shouts of Vive Custine! The Committee of Public Safety ordered a policeman to back-trail him everywhere. On 22 July, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Luxembourg. On 23 July, the news came that Mainz had capitulated; on 28 July came the news of the loss of Valenciennes. He was transferred to the Concierge on 28 July, and his rooms, those of his secretary, and those of his son were sealed, pending a search.^[9]

After 3 weeks of searches and test, the public prosecutor Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville drew up the indictment: Custine'south offense, according to the representatives on mission, was negligence, for allowing the Allies to accept Condé and Valenciennes, and also for the loss of Mainz, a urban center that Custine had abased when occupation became untenable. During his trial, Hébert continued to set on Custine via his newspaper, the infamous Père Duchene.^[10] This time Robespierre did non defend Custine. Custine'south lovely daughter-in-law came daily to the courthouse to sit down at his feet; eventually, the prosecutors accused the judges of postponing a verdict then that they could continue to gaze at her. The Revolutionary Tribunal convicted him of treason and he was executed by guillotine on the post-obit day, 28 Baronial 1793.^[eleven]

Character

Custine'due south leadership and character, although impugned by the Tribunal, proved fundamentally sound in the field. As an gentleman of the Prussian style of drill and bailiwick, he was a strict disciplinarian, but his soldiers actually liked him, and felt inspired past him. Custine liked to make speeches and reportedly knew the names of his soldiers. He visited men in the infirmary, demonstrated blunt skilful humour, and was the principal of repartee. His ready wit was quoted throughout his command.^[12] He did non tolerate disorder or insubordination however; when encountering a troop of volunteers in 1792, who bragged that they were going to teach the army the right step (arrive Republican), he ordered his cavalry to surroundings and disarm them.^[13]

Custine likewise recognized and recruited talented officers. At the give up of the garrison at Mainz, he offered the Mainz commander, Rudolf Eickemeyer, a colonel'south commission to serve in the French army.^[fourteen] By 1793, Eickemeyer had been promoted to brigadier general; he served in the Upper Rhine campaigns and the Rhine Campaign of 1796.^[fifteen] During this campaign, he also caused the services of a young officer, Laurent Gouvion, later known as Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr.^[16] According to Antoine Marie Chamans, he acquired Saint Cyr'due south services in an unusual way, indicative of Custine's temperament and personality. In a break in action, Gouvion was sketching the countryside, including the enemy positions well-nigh Eckheim, in the vicinity of Mainz, when Custine saw him from a altitude. Not approving of his occupation, Custine galloped to him, snatched the paper from his hand, and angrily asked what he was doing. Upon noticing that Gouvion'southward drawing closely matched the positions, he assigned the young officer to his own staff.^[17]

Family

Born in Metz, Custine was a son of Philippe-Joseph, comte de Custine, and Anne-Marguerite Maguin, daughter of Francois, comte d' Roussy and Marguerite de Walter.^[xviii] His father, the 10th count, had died at the Battle of Rossbach in 1757, one of 6 French generals killed in the engagement.^[nineteen] Custine'south other titles included Signeur de Guermagne and de Sareck, and he was, after 1770, also the lord of Niderviller, a property he purchased.^[20] He married Adelaide-Celeste Louise Gagnat de Longny.^[21] In 1790 Custine's girl, Adelaide-Anne-Philippe, married Henri Evrard, marquis de Dreux-Brézé,^[22] primary of ceremonies for Louis Xvi. She and her husband spent much of the early 1790s as refugees in Great britain, although he returned to France several times to visit his estates;^[23] he was eventually confirmed as a peer of France,^[xx] resumed his pre-Revolution position equally master of ceremonies, this time for Louis XVIII, and was awarded military rank.^[24]

Custine'due south girl in constabulary, Delphine Sabran, (Paris, eighteen March 1770–1826)^[25] Madame de Custine, was considered an icon of femininity and beauty.

Custine'south son, Renaud-Louis-Philippe-Francois, (b. in Paris in 1768 and died iii January 1794), likewise called Armand, was a helm in one of the regiments in the Army of the Rhine. As a young man, he had traveled widely, and made a long study of the art of state of war in Berlin. Comte de Mirabeau, e'er the politician, predicted that the immature Custine would become a well-respected diplomat. Past 1792, Armand was Nicholas Luckner's aide-de-camp; following Luckner's dismissal, he entered a brief embassy duty in Berlin in 1792 every bit chargé de affaires and eventually, equally diplomatic relations betwixt France and the rest of Europe became strained, he was a hostage for the rubber render of Prussian and Austrian diplomats in Paris.^[26] His deceased mother had left him capital of 700,000 livres, making him a wealthy swain; it was assumed that his father would too settle a suitable amount on him upon his marriage every bit well as the family estates in Niderviller, which included six farms.^[27]

Custine, equally an aristocratic full general, and his son, an up-and-coming diplomat, seemed natural targets of suspicion. In 1792, after spending part of a twelvemonth in Berlin, the younger Custine institute himself under suspicion, despite his careful and circumspect behavior in Berlin: he had gone out of his manner to brand sure that he documented and reported whatever contact with the Prussians, and that all reports of his conversations were carefully and specifically annotated. He wrote to his mother-in-law that, by a phenomenon, he was not on the list of those to exist arrested, and had avoided the September 1792 massacre at the Prison de l'Abbaye. He reported that he feared writing to his wife by the insecure post. He languished in Paris over the winter, only somewhen he secured a position in his father's command in the Army of the Rhine, joining that ground forces in Frankfurt. Past Baronial 1793, though, following his father's arrest, young Custine institute himself proscribed, that is, on the listing of suspected royalists.^[28] The September Police of Suspects accelerated the son's trial. The main evidence against him seemed to be a letter he had written to his father the previous spring, suggesting that he resign from the regular army, and this, as well as other letters—real and forged—guaranteed his condemnation. He was condemned and guillotined a mean solar day later.^[29]

Faience investment

Covered tureen, Niderviller manufactury, exhibited in the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery. After Custine purchased the business, the manufacturing plant began producing tableware in the English language style.

In 1770, Custine acquired property in the Niderviller region, which included a faience manufactory. The manufactory had been founded in 1735, but had enjoyed express profitability. Various difficulties, including a fire that gutted the production edifice and a limitation on the manufacture of soft-paste porcelain, discouraged the original investors. When Custine purchased the belongings in 1770, it was a struggling investment. He encountered significant fiscal problems over the next eight years, and considered defalcation in 1778. He afterwards entered into business with François-Henri Lenfrey and the factory began producing faience in the English style of tableware. Lenfrey also revamped the production process, producing cailloutage, which combined faience production techniques with a new process that mixed crushed limestone with the clay.^[thirty] Custine's execution led to the temporary closing of the plant when the government confiscated his property; the workmen, summarily laid off, traveled to Paris to notice work, and several signed a petition for her release.^[31] The connected state of war with the Coalition reduced the number of employees to 15; the mill survived, however, and enjoyed a renaissance in the mid-nineteenth century.^[32] Custine presented George Washington with a set of this tableware service in 1782.^[33]

Citations

1. ↑ (French) Adam Philippe Custine, Mémoires sur les guerres de la République. Introduction by Charles Francois Dumouriez. Paris, Ladvocat, 1824. pp.ii–xii.
2. ↑ Émile Auguste Nicolas Jules Bégin Biographie de la Moselle, Verronais, 1829, vol. 1, pp. 320–370.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.ane} Thomas Balch, The French in America during the War of Independence. nl, Porter and Coates, 1895, pp. ninety–91.
4. ↑ ^{four.0 4.i 4.2} Chisholm 1911, p. 668.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} Appleton Prentiss Clark Griffin and U.s.a. Congress, Joint commission on the Library. Rochambeau: A commemoration by the Congress of the United states of America of the Services of the French Auxiliary Forces in the State of war of Independence. Washington, DC, South. Regime Printing Office, 1907. pp. 570–572.
6. ↑ ^{vi.0 6.1 6.2} Bégin, p. 321.
7. ↑ James Matthew Thompson, The French Revolution nl, Sutton, 2001 [1943], pp. 90–111.
8. ↑ Jean-Paul Rabaut, An Impartial History of the Tardily Revolution in France: From Its Commencement, to the Death of the Queen, and the Execution of the Deputies of the Gironde Party. nl, Rabaut, 1794, pp. 462–464.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} Gaston Maugras, Pierre Croze-LeMercier, Memoires of Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de Custine, London, W. Heinemann, 1912, p. 108.
10. ↑ Jacques Hebert, Le Père Duchesne, No. 264; Jacques Hebert archive. Accessed three March 2014.
11. ↑ Phipps, p. 189
12. ↑ Chamans, p. 71.
13. ↑ Chamans, p. 84.
14. ↑ Fyffe, p. 35.
15. ↑ Emanuel Leser, "Eickemeyer, Rudolf," Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Ring 5 (1877), S. 743–746, p. 743. Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, URL:ADB:Eickemeyer,_Rudolf&oldid=2091623 (Version vom 10. Dezember 2014, 20:33 Uhr UTC)
16. ↑ Léonard Honoré Gay de Vernon. Vie de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, 1857.
17. ↑ Antoine-Marie Chamans, The memoirs of Count Lavallette, Philadelphia, T.T. Ash, 1832, p. 84.
18. ↑ (French) Louis Moreri, Desaint det Saillant. Nouveau supplement au grand dicitonaire historique genealogigue.... Paris, Jean-Thomas Herissant, 1749 — 59, pp.333, 420–421. ISBN 9781273577413
19. ↑ (German language) Gaston Bodart. Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905). Vienna, Stern, 1908, p. 220. The others included "General Lt Comte de Durfot, Comte de Doyat, Vicomte de Lafayette, Comte de Revel, and Briagier Duc de Beauvilliers." (The last of these was actually Paul Louis de Beauvilliers, son of Paul de Beauvilliers, 2nd duc de Saint-Aignan.
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1} (French) Pierre Napoléon Célestin Charles Auguste Kessel,Livre d'or de la noblesse Luxembourgeoise, ou, Recueil historique, J. Everling, 1869, pp. 45–46.
21. ↑ (French) Agénor Bardoux, Madame de Custine: d'après des documents inédits Calmann-Lévy, 1898, p. 17.
22. ↑ Bardoux, p. 19.
23. ↑ Philip Mansel, The Court of France, 1789–1830, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 39.
24. ↑ Mansel, pp. 94, 108.
25. ↑ Maugras, pp. 370–371.
26. ↑ Maugras, p. 82–83
27. ↑ Maugras, p. 25.
28. ↑ Maugras, pp. 92–93.
29. ↑ Maugras, 136; Begin, p. 372.
30. ↑ Joseph Marryat, A History of Pottery and Porcelain... nl, J. Murray, 1868, pp. 438–439.
31. ↑ Maugras, p. 164.
32. ↑ Faience History of Niderviller mill. Infofaience, 2012–2014. Accessed viii December 2014.
33. ↑ Mountain Vernon Ladies' Association of the Marriage. Annual Report – The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, 1977.

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%2FCustine%2C_Adam_Philippe "Custine, Adam Philippe" ] . Encyclopædia Britannica. seven (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. p. 668. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

• Appleton Prentiss Clark Griffin and United states Congress, Joint committee on the Library. Rochambeau: A celebration by the Congress of the U.s. of the Services of the French Auxiliary Forces in the War of Independence. Washington, DC., Regime Printing Office, 1907. OCLC 2084217
• (French) Bardoux, Agénor. Madame de Custine: d'après des documents inédits. Calmann-Lévy, 1898. OCLC 669375897
• Brainstorm, Émile Auguste Nicolas Jules. Biographie de la Moselle, Verronais, 1829, vol. 1 .
• Bertaud, Jean Paul, R.R. Palmer (trans). The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power, Princeton: Princeton Academy Press, 1988.
• (German language) Bodart, Gaston. Militär-historisches kreigs-lexikon, (1618–1905). Vienna, Stern, 1908.
• Chuquet, Arthur, Les Guerres de la Révolution, [Paris?], 50. Cert, 1886–1895; vol. half dozen (1892), "50'Expédition de Custine".
• Doyle, William. Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Historic period of Revolution, Oxford Academy Printing, 2009.
• (French) Dumouriez, Charles Francois, and Adam Philippe Custine, Mémoires sur les guerres de la Républicque. Introduction by Charles Francois Dumouriez. Paris, Ladvocat, 1824.
• Dupuy, R, Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La République jacobine, 2005 (reprint)
• Faience Assoc. History of Niderville manufacturing plant. Infofaience, 2012–2014. Accessed viii December 2014.
• Fyffe, Charles Alan, A History of Modernistic Europe 1792–1878, nl, H. Holt, 1896.
• Gay de Vernon, Jean Louis Camille. Mémoire sur les opérations militaires des généraux en chef Custine et Houchard, pendant les années 1792 et 1793 Firmin-Didot frères, 1844.
• Hebert, Jacques. Le Père Duchesne, No. 264; Jacques Hebert annal. Accessed 3 March 2014.
• Mansel, Philip. The Court of France, 1789–1830. Cambridge, Cambridge University Printing, 1991. OCLC 17546333
• Marryat, Joseph. A History of Pottery and Porcelain... nl, J. Murray, 1868. OCLC 59434200
• Mountain Vernon Ladies' Clan of the Union. Almanac Report – The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Marriage. Mountain Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, 1977.
• Rabaut, Jean-Paul. An Impartial History of the Belatedly Revolution in France: From Its Commencement, to the Death of the Queen, and the Execution of the Deputies of the Gironde Party. nl, Rabaut, 1794.
• Rambaud, Alfred Nicolas, Les Français sur le Rhin (Paris, 1880).
• Romantic Circles / Electronic Editions / British War Poetry in the Historic period of Romanticism 1793–1815 / 1793.17 Epitaph on General Custine. Accessed 3 March 2015.
• Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 978-ane-85367-276-7.
• Thompson, J.M. The French Revolution nl, Sutton, 2001 [1943]. ISBN 978-0-7509-2758-1.
• The Nation, Mdme Custine, nl, Nation Visitor, 1894, Volumes 58–59.

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